Managing container moves across major container terminals and Class I rail ramps, the drayage operator processed between 120 and 160 container pulls per day. Each ocean carrier (Maersk, MSC, Hapag-Lloyd, COSCO, ONE) maintained distinct free-time tiers, ranging from 4 to 7 calendar days before daily per diem charges kicked in.
Dispatchers tracked discharge dates, vessel arrivals, and Last Free Day (LFD) deadlines on multiple shared spreadsheets. When inbound vessels discharged early or customs holds delayed container pickup, spreadsheet data fell out of sync.
Inevitably, containers slipped past their LFD without dispatcher realization. Steamship lines assessed storage penalties ranging from $150 to $350 per container per day. In 2025, the carrier absorbed over $148,000 in unrecoverable demurrage and per diem penalties, severely depressing net operating margin.